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Synopsis |
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FAUNA |
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Synopsis |
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FAUNA |
ONTPELLIER-LE-VIEUX and Edouard Alfred MARTEL: two names indissociables. Indeed, if Mr. DE BARBEYRAC and L. DE MALAFOSSE are the "dénicheurs" of this extraordinary site, E.A. MARTEL is the large initiator. Since 1884, its enthusiastic descriptions attract the curious ones with MONTPELLIER-LE-VIEUX and, with its first cartography, it traces the way with all the others.
This undeniable scientist, since the 1883, had undertaken exploration of the Causse and Gorges of the Tarn, then completely unknown. Its discoveries all are famous, after the MONTPELLIER-LE-VIEUX and Gorges of the Tarn, they are the underground river of Bramabiau, the cave of Dargilan and finally, crowning of its career, the SWALLOW HOLE ARMAND.
With through the many works where it reported its explorations, E.A.MARTEL communicates to its successors as with the readers his marvellous enthusiasm.
More than one century after, amazement remains and,
Montpellier-the-Old man, universally known, is given in reference in many encyclopaedias and figure to the program of the French schoolboys.
But E.A. MARTEL could not however make forget "the others", disciples or simple continuateurs who supplemented the study of the site and his development.
- TRANSFERED Armand, whose archaeological discoveries give to the site a historical outline of dimension.
- Louis BALSAN and Jean BIREBENT, authors of the first tourist guide of Montpellier-the-Old man.
- the French Alpine Club which traced the first paths and carried out the first aménage ments.
- Touring Club of France which, by opening the road of dry Riou, facilitated the access to Maubert.
- the Company of the AVEN ARMAND, today AVEN ARMAND S.A. which since the acquisition of the site in 1930 does not cease improving the access of them, to maintain the paths and to emphasize the most remarkable rocks.
Finally these last years all those which with AVEN ARMAND S.A. and the DRAC the Midday-Pyrenees studied the anthropisation of the site.
as Fadarellas son passadas per aqui...
Yes the fairies passed by there!... They came from the garrigues of the south the three small fairies, continued by Mourghi, an evil
genius which wanted evil to them:
Amy, the serious one
Amyne, the rêveuse one
Benjamine, the black-headed gull,
They arrived one evening of May, on this deserted plate. Their hands, with haste, they built a fantastic citadel with its ramparts,its streets, its palates, its bridges, its places and its monuments.
They planted pines, oaks, insane grasses and wild flowers. And all that did one: such universe of tangle mysterious that even Mourghi, however so malignant, was lost there and renonça.
Then started for them a long period of peace, happiness and joys quiet.
Mow, even the fairies weary happiness...
The nostalgia of the garrigues seized one day serious Amy, the dream disappears in the eyes of Amyne and the laughter little by little disappeared from the daily newspaper of Benjamine.
One day holding to with it more, they were turned over from there close to the sea and the sun.
The city fell asleep then in its silence. Then, undoubtedly! brought there by some devil, the Wind, the Rain, Snow returned and were baited on the city from now on dead city.
Las Fadarellas s'en son tornadas !
The fairies set out again... but their memory always lives the city.
In the rigour of the ordinances, serious Amy remains présente. The song of the birds, the rustle of the wind, the grelot of the herds are not the echoes of the laughter of Benjamine.
Isn't this tree with the trunk tortured and stripped at the edge of the chasm the image of the malicious Mourghi gnome?
And this strange atmosphere, is not it the image even dream of Amyne.
Yes! The fairies are always there, mistresses of the dream.
Las Fadarellas son aqui,
Las Fadarellas mestrejas la somi.
General information - geographical Outline
The LARGE CAUSSES or MAJOR CAUSSES, as called them E.A. MARTEL, draw in the south of the Central Solid mass an arc of high plateaus
limestones.
They constitute vast tabular extents on the surface relatively not very broken, whose altitude borders 1000 meters.
In these plates the rivers, the Tarn, Jonte and Dourbie, dug deep canyons with the abrupt walls and the jagged peaks.
The fertility and the richness of the vegetation of these valleys still reinforce contrast with the stony aridity of the surface of Causse.
Everywhere the rock dominates the landscape.
Although impermeable rock, the limestone of Causses is intensely fractured. The rainwater, hardly tom¬bées, infiltrates in the many cracks of the rock.
The vegetation, close-cropped and sparse, is cut that and there of low bushes or tortuous shrubs joined together in thin bouquets.
Nothing stops the wind when it blows. The winter is rigorous there and the torrid summers.
Hamlets and villages are rare. All these features contribute to leave an impression of arid nudity which is worth often with Causses the qualifier of "French Desert".
However, a race of hard and proud men, jealous of their
traditions, Caussenards, clings to this mineral loneliness. Mitigating the absence of wood, majestic stone arches support the heavy roofing stones limestones which cover the residences caussenardes: firm and berge¬ries, broods in the hollows with the shelter of the winds.
Water is preciously collected in the cisterns of the farms, or the "ponds", these feeding troughs with the harmonious round forms where the herds stop.
Traditionally, the cultures were localised in the "sotchs" or "dolines", these depressions where a red argillaceous ground
favourable with cereals and the fodder plants accumulates. The stones torn off on the ground were gathered in "clapas", these heaps of dry stones which still strew the old fields.
But for a few years, of new agricultural machines have allowed to break the rock on the spot and to thus dispute with mineral of the vaster pieces: a new agricultural rise is in hand.
Despite everything, the rock is difficile¬ment let tame and the Causse presents often only thin meadows of graminaceous savages and fantastic rocks curiously engraved.
The pastures, with rare but scented grasses already Mediterranean gasolines, are the field of the ewes and the bees. Those give famous honeies while the milk of these is used to manufacture the "King of cheeses", the ROQUEFORT, and their skin, fine leathers of Millau.
The rocks, engraved by thousand-year-old water during I, offer to the walkers aspects various but all attractive:
- Vertiginous cornices dominating the canyons of the Tarn and Jonte.
- Caves and Swallow-holes bottomless, jealously dissimulating marvellous concretions like those of the Swallow-hole Armand, jewel of the arranged underground world.
- Picturesque sets of ruiniform rocks of Nimes-the-Old man and the Arcs of St-Pierre on Méjean, of Caylar on Larzac, Rajol and Montpellier-the-Old man on Black Causse.
Among the latter, MONTPELLIER-LE-VIEUX by its surface as vast as all the others is joined together. The variety and the picturesque one of its rocks, the diversity of the forms do not have any equivalence.
AS of the the most moved back times rocks of Montpellier-the-Old man were used as natural shelters with the animals and the man found asylum there.
Bones of Ursus Speleus discovered in a cave of the Circus of Millière show that the site was already made up at the beginning of the quaternary one.
If the "balsams" *, these shelters under rocks more or less arranged, are numerous, the presence of the prehistoric man was only very recently shown. Hitherto the only known traces testified only to the activity, at the first century of our era, of the pastors and the
Gallo-Roman résiniers.
No doubt, that the name of "millière" comes from the food crops which were to exist in the funds of the circuses where the topsoil maintained by these stone dry stone walls accumulated, which still delimit old pieces.
With the variation of the "drailles" *, these great ways of
transhumance which furrowed causses, only known inhabitants of the vicinity, the site remained a long time ignored general public.
It should be said that the fantastic aspect of its ruiniform rocks dominating the thick forest, which covered these places then, supported the blossoming of legends more terrifying that that of the three small fairies.
This was not there some ancient city, built by giants and devastated by Satan itself: a haunted mysterious site of geniuses malfaisants and wild animals, that the passer by avoided while being signed.
The superstition helping, such a silence surrounded the immense ruin that before 1880 little from abroad to the area had heard speak strange city.
Besides the first Geological Survey map represents the places only like one plate without topographic details.
It is only into 1883 that Mr. de Barbeyrac "unearths" the site and speaks about it to Mr. de Malafosse, then president of the Company of Geography of Toulouse, which
reveal with this erudite assembled under the name of
MONTPELLIER LE-VIEUX.
This denomination would come from the shepherds who led in summer the herds in transhumance of the plains of Low-Languedoc towards "the mountain". They knew only one large city: Montpellier, indicated in patois "Lou Clapas" *, which means the stone heap. Seeing with far these rock ramparts, they called quite naturally them LOU CLAPAS VIEL, translated by Montpellier-the-Old man...
One year later, E.A. MARTEL explored the area in its turn and described "the ruiniform city" in eulogistic articles, illustrated photographs and drawings, in the reviews of the time.
It established then the first rising detailed of the site and already the curious ones would run.
The tourist Era started for Montpellier-the-Old man
Successively, the French Alpine Club traced and arranged the first paths, Touring Club of France built the road of the "dry Riou" and Castling Holy Marguerite became the starting point of excursions à.dos.de mules or with foot.
Finally in 1931, the Company of the Swallow-hole Armand bought the grounds and undertook in 1938 the construction of an access road starting from Maubert and the beginning of current installations.
The efforts to make the site increasingly more accessible to all continued with the modernization of the road and the creation of a vast carpark.
These last years, the beaconing of the circuits was improved, the secondary routes réouverts. Allowing to discover rocks described by E.A. Martel drowned up to now in the vegetation.
In 1989, using old paths charted by E.A. Martel, a new route allowed the installation of a small tyred tourist train.
The heart of the site is from now on accessible to the people with reduced mobility comfortably installed on open trucks.
t the XIXe century, human bones of unspecified age were discovered on several occasions, but no archaeological element made it possible to conclude with the presence from the prehistoric man with Montpellier-the-Old man.
On the other hand, many are the traces of the activity of Rutènes and the Gallo-Roman occupation. Ceramics shards, bronze and iron rings, a needle and a lamp could come from dwellings which would have sheltered pastors and résiniers on the site itself.
At the beginning of our era, the Black Causse was covered with actively exploited forests. The trunks of the trees provided heating and sawlog forwarded to the villages, while the branches and the needles were distilled to obtain the so invaluable resin at the time to stick and seal.
This distillation was done in large crucibles in pottery whose many layers were indexed.
These potteries came besides, of the workshops established in Graufesenque, close to Millau, where the marls constituted a raw material choice.
Other vestiges were found in the neighbourhoods of Montpellier The-Old man. Thus in 1939, Armand TRANSFERS discovered to 100 m in the north of the farm of Maubert a furnace of Gallo-Roman potter which contained many fragments of pottery.
He still discovered in the vicinity, in a content of dwelling, two coins: one of Germanicus (Ier S.), the other of Philippe I (3e S.).
Finally to 300 m with the N.O. of the farm in a burial a rich person was found movable. The tomb divided by a median partition contained two skeletons surrounded of ewers, goblets, flasks out of glass, fibules etc. A currency of Tibère of year 15 made it possible to specify the age of the burial. In 1995, A. David invites MISTERS F
Rouzeau, Conservateur of the inheritance and E Mauduit, attache of the external services, both pertaining to the Regional Service of the Archaeology of DRAC MIDI-PYRÉNÉES, to discover some one of the rock
shelters of the site.
The archaeological interest proves to be obvious and a collaboration between ia DRAC the Midday-Pyrenees and Aven Armand S.A. leads to a multi-field study of the habitats and archaeological vestiges of the site under the direction of MISTERS J Poujol and F Rouzeau.
Nearly a hundred shelters were described and indexed. The studied traces show an occupation whose "relative chronology spreads out
Neolithic era in Ve century of its era", and made it possible "to identify habitats of the type" box-notch "whose installations and occupation go up at the very least at the first age of iron". (J
Poujol)
a second reading of the archaeological past of the site is in hand, it leads to new interpretations. Thus the site of
MONTPELLIER-LE-VIEUX would have been, during ages, the seat "of successive and temporary occupations" affecting as well the "terraces" of the tops of the great rock sets as the caves and shelters under rocks which open at their base ".
Let us quote among the discoveries, of the traces of pastoralism to neolothic old, an intense activity with chalcolithic and the ages of iron (movable and traces of hearths), an intensive exploitation of the forest by the potters and the Gallo-Roman résiniers of Bottom Empire
and those of the High Means Age (shards and potteries), a burial mérovingienne (movable and pottery).
GEOLOGY - FORMATION OF THE SITE
The Large Causses, Sauveterre between Batch and Tarn, Méjean between Tarn and Jonte, Black between Jonte and Dourbie and finally in the south Larzac, form a single geological unit and characterized well.
These high plateaus limestones are except for their south-eastern edge framed by older grounds, often crystalline: schists * and granities of Aubrac and Margeride in north, crystalline schists of the Cevennes in the east, old grounds of the Black Mountain in south-west, crystalline
schists of the Albigensian, Levézou and Rouergue in the west.
Composed of sat rocks limestones of 1 000 to 1 500 meters thickness, deposited at the beginning of the secondary era, the Large Causses constitute vast tabular sets.
Their higher part, formed of limestones * and Jurassic dolomites, rests on the layers with marlier tendency of visible Liases in the
bottom of the valleys.
The dolomitization of limestones of higher bases is often imperfect giving a heterogeneous rock particulière¬ment sensitive to the phenomena of dissolution.
It results from it from the karstic landscapes * typical: caves and swallow-holes under ground, dolines and sets ruiniform on the surface.
Among the latter that of Montpellier-the-Old man on Black Causse is vastest and most spectacular.
"No site shows with more distress than a rock can become under the solvent action of natural water".
A headland dominating Dourbie.
Montpellier-the-old man, baptized by E.A. Martel "the Acropolis of theCevennes" occupies, on the edge of Black Causse, a vast headland framed by two ravines which are boxed pro¬fondément towards the south to join the valley of Dourbie: Negro Valat in the west and Dry Riou in
the east.
The site itself is divided into four circuses surrounding a kind of higher central edge which reaches 836 m with "Dominated".
With each circus a ravine corresponds which ensures the "drainage of it".
- Circus of the Lake and ravine of Bouxès.
- Circus of Amats and ravine of Combe.
- Circus of Rouquettes and ravine of Canazel.
- Circus of Millière and Ravin of Doul.
Cut out in singular forms, of the rock ali¬gnements lay out them selves in appreciably parallel struc¬tures. Lengthened north in the south,
they create fantastic a uni¬vers streets and dead ends connected by breaches and cornices.
The marked out circuits borrow these natural ways for, while circumventing the central edge, to make it possible to the visitor to discover this strange and chaotic nature.
But this site is not a chaos. None crumbling did not hustle the blocks, the rock is everywhere
places from there and what we obser¬vons, in fact the skeleton of a powerful geological formation, resulting from a very long history is.
GEOCHRONOLOGIE
(in million years M.A.)
The work of water.
In front of this stone city the visitor can only question himself: "Which architect is thus responsible for this phenomenal work?".
If geologists and geographers agree to recognize with E.A. Martel that "this immense labyrinth of dry rocks is the work of water!", modern interpretation differs from that of the pioneer of speleology.
Indeed, at the end of the XIV5 century, E.A. Martel had imagined "the engraving action of powerful torrential currents come from north, eroding by way of swirls" the surface of Black Causse.
For the modern geologist, Montpellier the old man is Mega lapiaz, name learnedly barbarian given to the formations resulting from the double action on the rocks limestones, of rainwater by corrosion and gullying.
A rock of 170 million years.
It is indeed, at the same time with nature parti¬culière of the rock and its behavior in front of the attacks of the water which one owes these surprising morphologies of which here history.
It was there is very, very a long time... but in geology time amounts in million years...
Us here thus with more than 200 million years behind, the sea occupies our area, it reigns there a tropical climate.
Far towards north exists an enormous continent whose remains torn off by the rivers accumulate at the sea-bed. It is here, which there is
170 million years the rocks of Montpellier the Old man will start to be formed.
In this hot and not very deep sea, similar to that of the atolls of the current Pacific, corals and algae limestones build reefs around of which live in abundance sponges, molluscs, sea urchins and shellfish.
The corals are fragile and break sou¬vent, their remains accumulate in a fine sand around and with the centre even of the reef. The barrier récifale is continuously renewed, rebuilt by a multitude of organizations and animals marine which live around and at the expense of the reef.
These organizations end up dying, their remainders and their skeletons thus will contribute to the construction of the rock,
Indeed, their remains fall on the bottom where they form a mud rich in calcium carbonate. Little by little packing itself under their own weight these deposits drive out the water which they contain and transform themselves into calcareous rock.
Thus nearly 300 m of rock will be formed in 10 million years.
Later in the still porous mass of circulations of salt solutions, in particular from magnesium, will transform limestone into dolomite.
A great social revolution
A long time still the sea will occupy our area depositing layer after layer, other rocks on Jurassic dolomites. However, it is they which form actuelle¬ment, on the surface of Causse, the site of Montpellier-the-old man.
It is that a kind of great social revolution is responsible for this state of affairs. Approximately 100 million years ago, the Alps and the Pyrenees start to be set up.
At the sea-bed, recent sitted limestones hardly consolidated will undergo the formidable thorough ones.
Although compact and rigid rock, the limestones layers, on the great surface, admit crumplings or fracture themselves. Under these enormous tectonic pushes, the mass of Large Causses rises gradually and the sea disappears little by little from the area... it will be necessary however nearly 80 mil¬lions of years so that the Causses emergent completion.
Hardly they left water, these reliefs undergo the attack of the elements.
The rainwater goes, while disaggregating and by involving the grounds which cover them, to strip dolomitic bases.
Since it levels, let us examine this dolomite.
By far it seems massive and hard, but while approaching it seems cavernous to us a decayed tooth.
More closely still, one notices hard parts, and others, which are exhausted under the fingers by giving a kind of very fine sand: the "grésou" in local patois.
This dolomite is thus makes some very heterogeneous and it is there a part of the explanation of the distorted shapes of the rocks of Montpellier-le-vieux man.
A digested rock.
The rainwater takes care of gas carbo¬nic in the atmosphere and becomes slightly acid. While crossing the ground it dissolves humic acids formed by the plants. Thus, made aggressive, it will attack chemically limestone and will dissolve the carbonates which make it up: it is "corrosion".
Using the fractures or diaclases of the rock, water penetrates inside the stone whose heterogeneity constitutes an additional weakness.
On the surface, the rock will take an aspect engraved by grooves, furrows, small basins will be formed. Remaining on the spot, water does not continue of it less its slow work of "digestion" of the mineral matter.
Work underhand, under foam, sous' ground but effective.
The grains are not cemented any more... a good rain and the grésou is carried by multiples ruisselets which take forms of torrents.
And the process starts again, removing the matter, leaving the skeleton. Here more than 10 million years that that lasts and does not finish.
The legacy of the past.
But how to explain the regularity of alignments and these rectilinear streets which will be cut almost to right angle?
Let us return, at the moment when the great social revolution starts.
Tensions are exerted, the layers resist, yield and finis¬sent by yielding. Thus will create networks of small parallel breaks. These cracks are as many zones of weakness and the successive deformations will amplify them.
Its slow and testing gone up sea-bed, the rock inherits a network of scars they are the diaclases and the faults.
The rock weakened by the fracturing is there less hard and often more permeable.
The seepage waters will circulate by next these cracks and it is by there that corrosion will start.
This solvent action will widen the pas¬sages, transforming them into "canaules". These canaules will become the "streets" and the ravines of the site, and, locally, from their meeting will be born the "Circuses" from the current site.
Arcatures et Rochers pédoncules
But from which come the distorted shapes from these rocks, the multiples small infractuosities which corrode them, and these corbellings defying the laws of balance?
It is still and always the work of water!
For so poetic that they are the images of the undertow of a sea to the foot of a cliff, or undermining of its banks by some torrential river, are far from corresponding to reality.
More cunningly, more slowly, it is with the centre even of the rock that achieves the genesis of our future sculptures and monuments.
It is in the formation even of the rock, then in its intimate structure which the mystery resides.
One of the first factors of the origin of the ruiniform reliefs goes up with the formation of the calcareous rock.
Let us return at sea-beds hot of the Jurassic one.
The corals, which will give rise to sitted limestones, are fragile and often break, their remains accumulate in a fine sand around and with the centre even of the reef.
The barrier récifale is continuously renewed, rebuilt by the multitude of organizations and marine animals, which live around and with its costs.
These organizations end up dying, their remainders and their skeletons thus will contribute to the construction of the rock. 1 In addition, at the time of its original formation, the reef often "trapped" of the
heaps of sand resulting, as well of its own destruction, of the continental contributions. These "pockets" will remain in the consolidated rock.
Later, the transformation partial of dolomite limestone will involve another form of heterogeneity.
In the dolomitic rocks, coexist of the calcite crystals and the dolomite crystals.
These crystals are, themselves, of different sizes and, can form layers with fine crystals or "micrites" and layers with large crystals or "sparites".
The behavior of these crystals in front of the attack of water is unequal, thus the large ones resist less than the small ones, and the rock will disaggregate more quickly.
All these heterogeneities, will involve a corrosion and an erosion differentials.
Natural water, of rains or streaming, infiltrates in the ground where they take care of organic acids.
By porosity, or cracks and fractures, they penetrate then in the rocks, where they continue their work of corrosion by dissolving carbonates, inside even of the rock.
A part of the dissolved elements is carried by underground
circulations and leaves vacuums, while the nondissolved elements remain on the spot forming the "grésou", this dolomitic sand already observed in the surface corrosion of the rock.
It is thus formed, in the heart even layers of limestones and dolomites, cavities of all dimensions, more or less filled with sand.
This sand can be "syngenetic", formed or trapped at the same time as the rock at the sea-bed, or "intraformationnel was constituted", resulting secondarily from the internal deterioration of the rock.
When, later, by the combined play of corrosion and erosion surface these pockets are opened and communicate with outside, sand runs out.
Carried by the streamings, it leaves in the rock of the vacuums.
This departure contributes to accentuate, by places, the cavernous aspect of dolomite.
Same manner, the layers made up of large crystals, therefore more fragile, and more quickly will more intensely be disaggregated. They
will take the round shapes in hollow or "blind arcades", while those made of fine crystals will have resisted corrosion better and will form the "overhangs" and the "entablatures".
Surface erosion will be given the responsability to give the final blows of gouges, which will carve these "rocks stalks", these "mushrooms" and all these combinations of extravagant forms, which constitute the landscapes, if picturesque, of the ruiniform reliefs.
FLORE
ONTRASTING with the aridity of Causse, Montpellier-the-Old man constitutes a field privileged for the vegetation. The shelters of the rocks and the diversity of the exposures supported the blooming of a very varied flora. To describe in an exhaustive way would turn to the tiresome catalogue that only would perhaps with pleasure read an informed botanist. We will thus enumerate here only some species among most characteristic and easily identifiable.
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As a whole the flora is very particular. Qualified the subalpine one by the botanists, it presents, at the sides calcicoles and xerophilous plants dominant, species specific to the siliceous grounds. Indeed, residual dolomitic sand, this "grésou" which accumulates in the hollows of the rocks or at the bottom of the circuses, contains only one relatively small proportion of limestone.
THE ARBORESCENT VEGETATION.
The woodland pine. It represents the principal natural gasoline of Large Causses. Not very demanding, it clings to same the rock pushing its roots in the cracks, true "bonzaï" often decorating the top with the rocks. The beech. Not very frequent at this altitude, but well at
ease on the grounds limestones, it is however more delicate and seeks the hollows of wet shade where the fogs are frequent. The white oak or pubescent oak one is accustomed of the dry grounds and limestones. One meets it on the peaks as in the funds of ravines. Its null and void
sheets with the white sleeping bag "characteristic, dry on the tree with the autumn but fall often only in spring, under the push of the buds. The hazel tree is very common in the sheltered zones and particularly with the foot of the large rock solid masses.
The service-tree. This gasoline characteristic of Causses slack in summer the foliations of its silver plated sheets and gives to the autumn succulent bays.
SHRUBS.
Boxwood. Undoubtedly more running, it settles everywhere in bulky bushes and luisants. The nectar of its flowers is very required by the bees.
The genévrier. Almost as frequent as the boxwood, particularly at ease on dolomites, it draws up everywhere its thorny cones enchasing of delicate bays which are the treat of the thrushes and... local kitchens.
The shadbush. In May the white flowers of these very widespread shrubs would make believe in a recent fall of snow according to the lighting which they receive. The dogwood. Frequent under the oaks, this shrub gives white flowers from May to June, then large black bays luisantes which the wild boars affectionnent.
The boussarillo or grape of bear. This small shrub covers the ground of a thick green leafy carpet shining, which enamels, towards the end of the summer, of large red bays, in spring, it offers delicate small corpulent small bells to us.
Still shrubs in spite of their paces of tufts buisonnantes, thyme, the lavender and the dorycnium scent the air of the site of their odorous flowers which give to honey causses this taste particular.
FLOWERS
In spring, the lawns are pricked of purple delicate of the pulsatile anemones in the sulphur heart or of the gold of the adonis, while the euphorbiums put their key tender green and yellow a little everywhere and that the asphodels draw up with the side of the slopes their long
stems which finish of large bunches of white flowers. The orchis and the ophris of all kinds and all colors are legions for which can discover them and, in the fresh corners, it is not rare to meet splendid blue bellflowers.
Céphalanthère with long Plus sheets late will come the asters from the Alps at the tone parmes, the anthillis of the mountains, the cistuses white or rosy with the petals ruffled and the plumets more poetically called hair of angel whose long feathery edges fly in the wind like thousands of white plumes. Lastly, the carline with sheets of acanthus, cardabelle of the caussenards, this the "rosy one of causse" spreads out of at the end of July at September its gold suns to the short-nap cloth of the ground.
